THE CHINESE REALISED THAT SMALL PIECES OF PAPER ALWAYS POINTED TO THE LARGE POCKETS OF THE RICH PEOPLE AND THEREFORE THEY CREATE THE BANKNOTE AND OBVIAMENTE ADMITO-O OS NORTE COREANOS COMEÇARAM LOGO A FALSIFICÁ-LAS

Although there were 2500 prosecutions for passing forged notes last year and some pounds 25m was seized, one banknote in a hundred in circulation is a fake pouds dollars euros

but they don't forge fake banknotes von haiti or zimbabwe

ergo makes no sense this idea

the dollar have a fidutia value all around the world
and is easier to have 10 thousand dollar's in bonds than the same value in copper or in silver or in scrap metal
or in bean's you can, yes you can survive years with 10 thousand dollar's of beans
with some side effects

and the dollar failure is not near we pay 73 cents per dollar
the zimbabwe dollar are selling at 50 cents for 100 trillion banknote in the local flea market
pounds not pouds...and the silver or the copper market are unstable
the dollar till now have magnetic appeal

by definition this situation is not new but evolved to a pivoted unstable world economy where the dollar and the swiss franc and the pound and the euro
have faith incorporated

like the corpus christi in wine and flouR


syrian, chinese, japs, charlie (vietcong, vietmihn und so weiter buy american bonds
germans buy US of A bonds Osama bin Laden use to have american bonds

Putin and all the people that is in a state of constant change have bonds that have been paid from records that endure at least 150 years

i don't have a record of default in american bonds

except this :
The 1790 Default. Shortly after the formation of the first United States federal government under the Constitution of 1787, Congress passed and President Washington signed the Funding Act of 1790. This act directed the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, to assume the Revolutionary War debts of the states, allowing creditors to exchange the state-backed war debt with bonds issued by the US Treasury. The interest on the bonds was deferred until 1801. A total of $21.5 million dollars was assumed.

Prior to the passage of the Funding Act, much of the debt was expected to default. It traded at deep discounts to face value. Once the act was passed, the value of the debt skyrocketed—because bondholders were sure they would be repaid by the new federal government. In fact, quite a lot of money was made by people who bought the state debt in anticipation of the Funding Act or with early notice that it had passed. Even at the time of the Founding, traders were profiting from informational asymmetries.

The Act also provided that the debt securities issued by the Confederation government that existed prior to the federal government would be converted into new federal bonds. The interest on one third of the value of the converted bonds was deferred until 1801.

So why is this described as a default by Reinhart and Rogoff? It’s pretty clear that the federal government was not defaulting on its own obligations. Instead, it was modifying obligations incurred by the states—either directly or through the Confederation—and assuming them.

This was almost the opposite of a default, since it made payment much more likely. That’s why the bonds rallied after the passage of the act.

The 1841-1842 Defaults. This was actually a series of defaults by nine state governments, including three states that repudiated their debt altogether. The federal government was not involved.

The 1873-1884 Defaults. Another series of defaults by states and cities. In total 10 states defaulted. West Virginia, the worst of the state financial basket cases, was still working out its debt with creditors by 1918. There wasn’t a federal government default, however.

The 1933 Default. In the summer of 1933, Congress passed the “Joint Resolution to Assure Uniform Value to the Coins and Currencies of the United States” which declared invalid and provisions of obligations of the federal government which were “purported” to give the creditor the right to require repayment in gold. The Roosevelt administration wanted to depreciate the paper currency, and thought the “gold clauses” contained in various bonds were an obstacle.

This is arguably the closest the US government came to defaulting. But this is more like monetizing debt than defaulting. It is closer to having the Federal Reserve inflate our way out of debt than what Rep. Ryan is proposing.

So no history of defaults?

To be fair to Reinhart and Rogoff, they don’t describe these as pure defaults—but as instances of defaults and restructuring. In this paper, they give more details on them.

It’s just not correct to say that the US is a serial defaulter—or to imply that we can predict the consequences of a default now based on past defaults. We just don’t have any historical data to tell us what would happen.
in your default we have faith that the 2020 dollar can yes they can purchase something like beans or flour
with zimbabwe bué dollar's i'm sure they don't give me anything in return

the dollar is a magnetic paper
the turks in Magnesia (is a mine a greek mine now in turkey) have Ben Franklin's in their wallets

they don't have bit con's je ne sais pas porquoi
or zimbabwe dollar's is the same name
like the austria taller....

Em 1836, durante a fecunda e illustrada dictadura Entretanto este expediente financeiro não resolveu o defficit foi azar....

O imposto progressivo, posto que condemnado pelas boas

doutrinas economicas, é comtudo, a nosso ver, o unico applicavel

aos empregados publicas, cujos vencimentos têem

desegualdades e desproporpões enormes. O governo adoptou

e seguiu a escala desde os ordenados de 200$000 reis ate

aos de 600$000 réis. Até aos primeiros 2,5 por cento, dos

ultimos para cima 15 por cento. N'estes parou a progressão.

O Sr. ministro da fazenda poderia ter feito esta deducção

mais equitativa. E uma barbaridade, uma violencia exigir

24,'9 por cento a ordenados de 120$000 réis e menos; assim

como é atrozmente injusto que o vencimento de 700$000 ´reis

esteja sujeito a deducção egual do de 2:000$000 reis, e até

á do 12:000$000 réis ! Seria mais equitativo o tributo se os

ordenados inferiores a 200$000 réis não tivessem deducção

maior de 1 por cento - e os superiores a 2:000$000 reis a

tivessem de 20 por cento. A escala ~poderia tambem ser de

um por cento por cada 100$000 reis, até 25 por cento nos

ordenados de 2:500$000 rs.; parando ahi, porque d'outro

modo seria a absorpção do rendimento, resultado final do

imposto progressivo. A contribuição produziria mais, e a desegualdade

seria menor, porque quem recebe uma pequena

differenpa a mais da quantia fixada para o augmento do

tributo não estaria sujeito a injusto gravame.

O Sr. conde de Samodães teria conseguido d'esse modo

evitar a desegualdade que existe nas disposições do decreto,

e a arguição que já se lhe faz de ter querido proteger os

funccionarios superiores e haver carregado a mão aos pequenos

Em 1836, durante a fecunda e ilustrada dictadura de

Manuel da Silva Passos, entendeu-se egualmente que as

 economias eram indispensaveis para matar o defficit.....

viva a dictadura esclarecida

Entretanto este expediente financeiro não contribuiu para

sreolver o defficit. Oxalá que o fosse. As paixões exaltadas

reclamavam esse golpe no funccionalismo, a bêtte noire

do$ contribuintes.analfabetos....

aprendam a ler seus especuladores...

ALFREDO DE OLIVEIRA PIRES (1840 – 1904) Alfredo de Oliveira Pires (ou Arnaldo de Oliveira, sendo este último, pseudónimo), natural de Lisboa, nascera em 13 de Dezembro 1840.
  Empregado na secretaria do Conselho de Estado e Secretaria da direcção da Associação Protectora do Asilo de Infância Desvalida e dos Pobres do Lumiar.gente sem direito a reforma por falta de estudos-----

 Como membro da direcção do Asilo do Lumiar redigiu os relatórios respectivos as gerências dos anos 1865, 1866 e 1867.
 Colaborou em vários periódicos, nomeadamente no Panorama e no Diário de Notícias, especialmente em assuntos literários. isso faz-me lembrar um outro funcionário público reformado

Era condecorado com as ordens da Conceição, portuguesa; e de S. Maurício e S. Lazaro, italiana.
 Em 1875 o pobre homem deixou o emprego e empreendeu longa viagem pela Europa, fixando depois a sua residência na Suiça, pois Paris ficava pouco em conta onde continuou os seus estudos literários e onde veio a falecer já acima  do meio-século de existência
   Obras relevantes para o Direito Administrativo: • O funccionalismo. Lisboa, Typographia Universal, 1869. - “O autor, neste opúsculo, teve por fim demonstrar a sem razão com que se tem apresentado certas manifestações contra o funcionalismo, atacando os direitos dos empregados acusados de mau serviço e em numero exagerado para o expediente normal, e pretendendo estabelecer incompatibilidade entre as funções dos empregados do estado com os de representante na câmara dos deputados”.